Page 160 - Šolsko polje, XXIX, 2018, no. 5-6: Radicalization, Violent Extremism and Conflicting Diversity, eds. Mitja Sardoč and Tomaž Deželan
P. 160
šolsko polje, letnik xxix, številka 5–6
radicalisation. Second, a growing realisation that attacks after 9/11 – espe-
cially in Europe – were committed not by foreign radicals but by “home-
grown” citizens, has led to an increase in policy circles in the human fac-
tors concerning how individuals become drawn into violent movements,
from a societal and sociological perspective. In terms of research and mod-
elling, there is growing recognition of two poles in the landscape: mac-
ro-level, or top-down models focus on the ideologies and ideologues who
are pulling individuals into the radical movement. Micro-level, or bot-
tom-up models, conversely, look at the individuals becoming radicalised
and their personal life-stories and experiences. More recently, research
into radicalisation has settled into a new narrative that offers a synthe-
sised perspective on macro- and micro-level factors. This more enlight-
ened approach stresses the context-specificity of radicalisation, in that,
while environmental factors causing despair and humiliation may be
broad and widely present, the circumstances in which any one individ-
ual will be drawn into a violent course of action will be highly variable.
This, in turn, stresses the importance of continual and repeated empirical
research into individual tipping-points leading to violent radicalisation.
Key words: radicalism, radicalisation, extremism, terrorism, modelling,
empiricism
KONCEPTUALNO RAZISKOVANJE RADIKALIZACIJE
Zanimanje za radikalizem ima dolgo zgodovino, ki sega vsaj do začetkov
razsvetljenske Evrope. Preučevanje procesov radikalizacije pa ima veliko
novejšo zgodovino, s povečanjem zanimanja po napadih 11. septembra 2001
v ZDA. Ta obnovljeni interes sta oblikovala dva ključna dejavnika. Prvič:
birokratski pritiski v vladah, ki so zadolžene za reševanje problema teroriz-
ma, so privedli do številnih poskusov, da bi opredelili teroriste ter oblikova-
li procesne modele, ki radikalizacijo lahko ‚razložijo‘. Drugič: naraščajoče
spoznanje, da napadov po 11. septembru – zlasti v Evropi – niso izvedli tuji
radikalizirani posamezniki, temveč ‚domači‘ državljani, so privedli do pov-
ečane pozornosti političnih krogov za človeške dejavnike v zvezi s tem, kako
se posamezniki pritegne v nasilna gibanja, iz družbenega in sociološkega
vidika. V smislu raziskav in modeliranja vedno bolj prihajata v ospredje dva
pola: makro raven ali ‚top-down‘ modeli, ki se osredotočajo na ideologije in
ideologe, ki posameznike pritegnejo v radikalno gibanje. Prav nasprotno pa
modeli na mikro ravni ali ‚bottom-up‘ modeli gledajo na posameznike, ki
postajajo radikalizirani, ter na njihove osebne življenjske zgodbe in izkušn-
je. Nedavno so se raziskave o radikalizaciji ustalile okoli nove naracije, ki
ponuja sintetizirano perspektivo dejavnikov na makro in mikro ravni. Ta
bolj razsvetljen pristop poudarja kontekstualno specifičnost radikalizacije,
158
radicalisation. Second, a growing realisation that attacks after 9/11 – espe-
cially in Europe – were committed not by foreign radicals but by “home-
grown” citizens, has led to an increase in policy circles in the human fac-
tors concerning how individuals become drawn into violent movements,
from a societal and sociological perspective. In terms of research and mod-
elling, there is growing recognition of two poles in the landscape: mac-
ro-level, or top-down models focus on the ideologies and ideologues who
are pulling individuals into the radical movement. Micro-level, or bot-
tom-up models, conversely, look at the individuals becoming radicalised
and their personal life-stories and experiences. More recently, research
into radicalisation has settled into a new narrative that offers a synthe-
sised perspective on macro- and micro-level factors. This more enlight-
ened approach stresses the context-specificity of radicalisation, in that,
while environmental factors causing despair and humiliation may be
broad and widely present, the circumstances in which any one individ-
ual will be drawn into a violent course of action will be highly variable.
This, in turn, stresses the importance of continual and repeated empirical
research into individual tipping-points leading to violent radicalisation.
Key words: radicalism, radicalisation, extremism, terrorism, modelling,
empiricism
KONCEPTUALNO RAZISKOVANJE RADIKALIZACIJE
Zanimanje za radikalizem ima dolgo zgodovino, ki sega vsaj do začetkov
razsvetljenske Evrope. Preučevanje procesov radikalizacije pa ima veliko
novejšo zgodovino, s povečanjem zanimanja po napadih 11. septembra 2001
v ZDA. Ta obnovljeni interes sta oblikovala dva ključna dejavnika. Prvič:
birokratski pritiski v vladah, ki so zadolžene za reševanje problema teroriz-
ma, so privedli do številnih poskusov, da bi opredelili teroriste ter oblikova-
li procesne modele, ki radikalizacijo lahko ‚razložijo‘. Drugič: naraščajoče
spoznanje, da napadov po 11. septembru – zlasti v Evropi – niso izvedli tuji
radikalizirani posamezniki, temveč ‚domači‘ državljani, so privedli do pov-
ečane pozornosti političnih krogov za človeške dejavnike v zvezi s tem, kako
se posamezniki pritegne v nasilna gibanja, iz družbenega in sociološkega
vidika. V smislu raziskav in modeliranja vedno bolj prihajata v ospredje dva
pola: makro raven ali ‚top-down‘ modeli, ki se osredotočajo na ideologije in
ideologe, ki posameznike pritegnejo v radikalno gibanje. Prav nasprotno pa
modeli na mikro ravni ali ‚bottom-up‘ modeli gledajo na posameznike, ki
postajajo radikalizirani, ter na njihove osebne življenjske zgodbe in izkušn-
je. Nedavno so se raziskave o radikalizaciji ustalile okoli nove naracije, ki
ponuja sintetizirano perspektivo dejavnikov na makro in mikro ravni. Ta
bolj razsvetljen pristop poudarja kontekstualno specifičnost radikalizacije,
158
