Page 65 - Ana Kozina and Nora Wiium, eds. ▪︎ Positive Youth Development in Contexts. Ljubljana: Educational Research Institute, 2021. Digital Library, Dissertationes (Scientific Monographs), 42.
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developmental assets and healthy lifestyles among spanish youth

once or more in the last month. Nearly 40% of the participants had smoked
a cigarette once or more in the last month. Concerning illegal drugs, near-
ly one-quarter of the sample had used marijuana once or more in the last
year, while around 4% had sniffed or inhaled substances or used other illic-
it drugs (e.g. cocaine, LSD, heroin, amphetamines etc.) once or more in the
last year. Finally, 28% indicated that they had gambled with money once or
more over the last year.

Table 1: Descriptive statistics of developmental assets and frequency distribution of lifestyles.

Developmental assets M (SD)

Support 2.94 (.55)
Empowerment 3.15 (.45)
Expectancies and boundaries 2.92 (.43)
Constructive use of time 2.13 (.61)
Commitment to learning 3.01 (.52)
Positive values 2.97 (.41)
Social skills 3.12 (.44)
Positive identity 2.87 (.55)
Internal assets 11.98 (1.43)
External assets 11.13 (1.58)

Lifestyles % Yes

Physical activity 58.3
Fruit 58.9
Vegetables 59.6
Alcohol 75.9
Been drunk 40.2
Smoking 38.9
Betting 28.0
Inhalation 4.6
Marijuana 24.8
Other illegal drugs 3.8

Table 2 shows differences in scores for developmental assets by the
level of physical activity, and the consumption of fruit and vegetables.
Participants with an active lifestyle (performing physical activity for at
least 30 min two or more times per week) showed higher scores for the con-
structive use of time, a positive identity, positive values, and empowerment,
as well as higher scores for overall internal and external assets. Concerning
fruit and vegetables, those who indicated their daily consumption present-
ed greater means in positive values and in the overall dimension of internal

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