Page 45 - Ana Kozina and Nora Wiium, eds. ▪︎ Positive Youth Development in Contexts. Ljubljana: Educational Research Institute, 2021. Digital Library, Dissertationes (Scientific Monographs), 42.
P. 45
the effects of 5cs and developmental assets on well-being among youth in kosovo
Reliability coefficients of the asset categories ranged from α = .61 to α = .82
in our sample.
The short form of the PYD questionnaire (Geldhof et al., 2014) was
used to measure the 5 competencies. The PYD questionnaire contains 34
items. A 5-point Likert scale is used to assess each item, ranging from 1
(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Sample items that measure the 5Cs
are Competence (e.g. “I do very well in my classwork at school”); Confidence
(e.g. “All in all, I am glad I am me”); Character (e.g. “I hardly ever do things
I know I shouldn’t do”); Connection (e.g. “My friends care about me”); and
Caring (e.g. “When I see another person who is hurt or upset, I feel sor-
ry for them”). Reliability measures (Cronbach’s alphas) of the 5Cs are ade-
quate: Reliability coefficients of the PYD categories ranged from α = .64 to
α = .88 in the Kosovar sample.
The Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985) was used to meas-
ure global cognitive judgments of one’s life satisfaction (not a measure of
either positive or negative affect). This is a 5-item scale (e.g. “In most ways
my life is close to my ideal”), which 7-point scale ranges from 7 (strongly
agree) to 1 (strongly disagree). The reliability coefficient on the present data
was α = .84.
The World Health Organization - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5;
Topp et. al., 2015) is a short self-reported measure of current mental well-be-
ing. The WHO-5 has been found to have adequate validity in screening for
depression (e.g. “I have felt cheerful and in good spirit”) and it is suitable for
children aged 9 and above. Participants indicate their answers on a 6-point
Likert scale, ranging from 0 (at no time) to 5 (all of the time). The reliability
coefficient on the present data was α = .84.
Analytic Strategy
Prior to analyzing the data, we conducted Confirmatory Factor Analyses
(CFAs) for each of the scales used in this study. Then, we estimated a path
analysis which required several steps. The first step was to calculate the fac-
tor scores by calculating the mean score as suggested in the original pa-
pers. Then, the model was estimated by using the 5Cs of the PYD, and in-
ternal and external assets as the independent variable, and well-being and
satisfaction with life as the outcome variables. Model fit was tested using
the maximum-likelihood ratio-test statistics and indices of model fit, in-
cluding the root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA), the com-
parative fit index (CFI), and the standardized root-mean square residual
45
Reliability coefficients of the asset categories ranged from α = .61 to α = .82
in our sample.
The short form of the PYD questionnaire (Geldhof et al., 2014) was
used to measure the 5 competencies. The PYD questionnaire contains 34
items. A 5-point Likert scale is used to assess each item, ranging from 1
(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Sample items that measure the 5Cs
are Competence (e.g. “I do very well in my classwork at school”); Confidence
(e.g. “All in all, I am glad I am me”); Character (e.g. “I hardly ever do things
I know I shouldn’t do”); Connection (e.g. “My friends care about me”); and
Caring (e.g. “When I see another person who is hurt or upset, I feel sor-
ry for them”). Reliability measures (Cronbach’s alphas) of the 5Cs are ade-
quate: Reliability coefficients of the PYD categories ranged from α = .64 to
α = .88 in the Kosovar sample.
The Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985) was used to meas-
ure global cognitive judgments of one’s life satisfaction (not a measure of
either positive or negative affect). This is a 5-item scale (e.g. “In most ways
my life is close to my ideal”), which 7-point scale ranges from 7 (strongly
agree) to 1 (strongly disagree). The reliability coefficient on the present data
was α = .84.
The World Health Organization - Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5;
Topp et. al., 2015) is a short self-reported measure of current mental well-be-
ing. The WHO-5 has been found to have adequate validity in screening for
depression (e.g. “I have felt cheerful and in good spirit”) and it is suitable for
children aged 9 and above. Participants indicate their answers on a 6-point
Likert scale, ranging from 0 (at no time) to 5 (all of the time). The reliability
coefficient on the present data was α = .84.
Analytic Strategy
Prior to analyzing the data, we conducted Confirmatory Factor Analyses
(CFAs) for each of the scales used in this study. Then, we estimated a path
analysis which required several steps. The first step was to calculate the fac-
tor scores by calculating the mean score as suggested in the original pa-
pers. Then, the model was estimated by using the 5Cs of the PYD, and in-
ternal and external assets as the independent variable, and well-being and
satisfaction with life as the outcome variables. Model fit was tested using
the maximum-likelihood ratio-test statistics and indices of model fit, in-
cluding the root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA), the com-
parative fit index (CFI), and the standardized root-mean square residual
45
