Page 217 - Gabrijela Kišiček and Igor Ž. Žagar (eds.), What do we know about the world? Rhetorical and argumentative perspectives, Digital Library, Educational Research Institute, Ljubljana 2013
P. 217
rhetoric – martial art or the art of winning
the soul by discourse? 217
(5) Bronisław Komorowski: If the standard of living is improved, nobody
will go to Great Britain.
(6) Jarosław Kaczyński: [...] only when we reject liberal ideology [...] only
then will we bring about development of Poland.
3/ similarity model of argument – the following example rests upon
parallelism of the process, the speaker’s understanding of a problem
is linked to his memory-based schemata, that is the speaker’s experi-
ence:
(7) Bronisław Komorowski: Ladies and gentleman, not only do I under-
stand a problem of paternity, but I also, simply, raised five children.
4/ oppositional model of argument – the example below is grounded in
a dialectical process, involving two-way interaction between two
participants. Jarosław Kaczyński responds to the question on equal
opportunities between Poland A and B. He firmly states that such
a division is present in Poland; at the same time he provides solu-
tions to the problem. In turn, Bronisław Komorowski denies that
the division exists (the argument Bronisław Komorowski employed
might have been borrowed from Barak Obama’s 2004 Democrat-
ic Convention Keynote speech in which he said that “There are no
red states. There are no blue states. There is only the United States
of America”, the speech that earned Barak Obama widespread and
well-deserved recognition with respect to successful rhetoric):
(8) Bronisław Komorowski: There is one Poland, there is neither Poland
A nor B, nor C nor D. There is no north, south, west or east Poland. There is
one Poland and we need to take care of it, and the government does it.
5/ degree model of argument – both examples are founded on the qual-
itative aspect of argument saying that one thing is better/cheaper,
etc. than another one:
(9) Bronisław Komorowski: It is important for the professional army, such
is always better [...]
(10) Bronisław Komorowski: For sure Poland is much stronger than in
1997 [...]
6/ testimony model of argument – considered one of the weakest of to-
poi, however, in the political discourse it may be used as an ideo-
logical weapon. In the example to follow, the interviewee instructs
the audience how to act, he also accentuates his stance by the use of
anaphora:
(11) Jarosław Kaczyński: It is an old teaching of Giedroyć, it is an old teach-
ing of Józef Piłsudski, we should make use of it and we should all go this way.
the soul by discourse? 217
(5) Bronisław Komorowski: If the standard of living is improved, nobody
will go to Great Britain.
(6) Jarosław Kaczyński: [...] only when we reject liberal ideology [...] only
then will we bring about development of Poland.
3/ similarity model of argument – the following example rests upon
parallelism of the process, the speaker’s understanding of a problem
is linked to his memory-based schemata, that is the speaker’s experi-
ence:
(7) Bronisław Komorowski: Ladies and gentleman, not only do I under-
stand a problem of paternity, but I also, simply, raised five children.
4/ oppositional model of argument – the example below is grounded in
a dialectical process, involving two-way interaction between two
participants. Jarosław Kaczyński responds to the question on equal
opportunities between Poland A and B. He firmly states that such
a division is present in Poland; at the same time he provides solu-
tions to the problem. In turn, Bronisław Komorowski denies that
the division exists (the argument Bronisław Komorowski employed
might have been borrowed from Barak Obama’s 2004 Democrat-
ic Convention Keynote speech in which he said that “There are no
red states. There are no blue states. There is only the United States
of America”, the speech that earned Barak Obama widespread and
well-deserved recognition with respect to successful rhetoric):
(8) Bronisław Komorowski: There is one Poland, there is neither Poland
A nor B, nor C nor D. There is no north, south, west or east Poland. There is
one Poland and we need to take care of it, and the government does it.
5/ degree model of argument – both examples are founded on the qual-
itative aspect of argument saying that one thing is better/cheaper,
etc. than another one:
(9) Bronisław Komorowski: It is important for the professional army, such
is always better [...]
(10) Bronisław Komorowski: For sure Poland is much stronger than in
1997 [...]
6/ testimony model of argument – considered one of the weakest of to-
poi, however, in the political discourse it may be used as an ideo-
logical weapon. In the example to follow, the interviewee instructs
the audience how to act, he also accentuates his stance by the use of
anaphora:
(11) Jarosław Kaczyński: It is an old teaching of Giedroyć, it is an old teach-
ing of Józef Piłsudski, we should make use of it and we should all go this way.
