Page 273 - Štremfel, Urška, and Maša Vidmar (eds.). 2018. Early School Leaving: Contemporary European Perspectives. Ljubljana: Pedagoški inštitut.
P. 273
esl prevention extended to the home environment ...
Parenting styles
Contemporary research on parenting styles derives from Baumrind’s (1971,
1978) studies of family interactions. Baumrind (1973) defined parenting
style as a consistent pattern with which parents interact with their children
along two dimensions: demandingness and responsiveness. Demandingness
refers to parental efforts to integrate children into the family through ma-
turity demands, supervision, discipline, and willingness to confront behav-
ioural problems. Responsiveness refers to the extent to which parents foster
individuality, self-regulation and self-assertion by consenting to or being
aware and supportive of children’s needs and demands (Baumrind, 1991).
Based on these two dimensions, Baumrind classified four parenting styles:
authoritarian (high demandingness, low responsiveness), authoritative
(high demandingness, high responsiveness), permissive (low demanding-
ness, high responsiveness), and uninvolved parenting style (low demand-
ingness and low responsiveness). Authoritarian parents are demanding and
controlling, but not responsive or warm. They have clear rules that their
children are not supposed to question. Authoritative parents are accepting,
warm and encouraging toward their children yet at the same time firm;
they impart clear standards for their children’s behaviour, enforcing de-
velopmentally appropriate expectations without being intrusive or restric-
tive. Permissive parents on the other hand are responsive and warm. They
allow considerable self-regulation, but are lenient and avoid confrontation.
Uninvolved parents are neither responsive nor demanding. They do not
monitor or guide their children/adolescents and do not support them or re-
late to them with warmth.
This typology of parenting style provides an opportunity to explore re-
lationships among the multidimensional characteristics of parenting and
the adjustment of youth (Adalbjarnardottir & Hafsteinsson, 2001; Lambom
et al., 1991; Steinberg et al., 1994; Türkei & Tezer, 2008). Results of vari-
ous studies show that an authoritative parenting style is, generally speak-
ing, most suitable for raising children/adolescents in western, technologi-
cally and educationally advanced countries (e.g. Baumrind, 1967, 1971, 1989;
Darling & Steinberg, 1993; Denham, Renwick, & Holt, 1991; Kuczyinski &
Kochanska, 1995; Maccoby & Martin, 1983; Steinberg, 2001). Authoritative
parents are accepting, warm and encouraging towards their children/ado-
lescents. At the same time, they supervise their children’s/adolescents be-
haviour, impart clear standards and enforce developmentally appropriate
expectations without being intrusive or restrictive. During adolescence,
273
Parenting styles
Contemporary research on parenting styles derives from Baumrind’s (1971,
1978) studies of family interactions. Baumrind (1973) defined parenting
style as a consistent pattern with which parents interact with their children
along two dimensions: demandingness and responsiveness. Demandingness
refers to parental efforts to integrate children into the family through ma-
turity demands, supervision, discipline, and willingness to confront behav-
ioural problems. Responsiveness refers to the extent to which parents foster
individuality, self-regulation and self-assertion by consenting to or being
aware and supportive of children’s needs and demands (Baumrind, 1991).
Based on these two dimensions, Baumrind classified four parenting styles:
authoritarian (high demandingness, low responsiveness), authoritative
(high demandingness, high responsiveness), permissive (low demanding-
ness, high responsiveness), and uninvolved parenting style (low demand-
ingness and low responsiveness). Authoritarian parents are demanding and
controlling, but not responsive or warm. They have clear rules that their
children are not supposed to question. Authoritative parents are accepting,
warm and encouraging toward their children yet at the same time firm;
they impart clear standards for their children’s behaviour, enforcing de-
velopmentally appropriate expectations without being intrusive or restric-
tive. Permissive parents on the other hand are responsive and warm. They
allow considerable self-regulation, but are lenient and avoid confrontation.
Uninvolved parents are neither responsive nor demanding. They do not
monitor or guide their children/adolescents and do not support them or re-
late to them with warmth.
This typology of parenting style provides an opportunity to explore re-
lationships among the multidimensional characteristics of parenting and
the adjustment of youth (Adalbjarnardottir & Hafsteinsson, 2001; Lambom
et al., 1991; Steinberg et al., 1994; Türkei & Tezer, 2008). Results of vari-
ous studies show that an authoritative parenting style is, generally speak-
ing, most suitable for raising children/adolescents in western, technologi-
cally and educationally advanced countries (e.g. Baumrind, 1967, 1971, 1989;
Darling & Steinberg, 1993; Denham, Renwick, & Holt, 1991; Kuczyinski &
Kochanska, 1995; Maccoby & Martin, 1983; Steinberg, 2001). Authoritative
parents are accepting, warm and encouraging towards their children/ado-
lescents. At the same time, they supervise their children’s/adolescents be-
haviour, impart clear standards and enforce developmentally appropriate
expectations without being intrusive or restrictive. During adolescence,
273
