Page 94 - Ana Kozina and Nora Wiium, eds. ▪︎ Positive Youth Development in Contexts. Ljubljana: Educational Research Institute, 2021. Digital Library, Dissertationes (Scientific Monographs), 42.
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positive youth development in contexts
Table 4. The 5Cs by gender: MANOVA
Variable Lower Upper SS df F
secondary secondary
Support 4.61 1 16.00***
Empowerment school school 0.94 1 4.56*
Boundaries and expectations M (SD) M (SD) 0.62 1 3.02
Constructive use of time 0.01 1 0.02
Commitment to learning 3.18 (0.52) 3.08 (0.55) 12.86 1
Positive values 3.44 (0.44) 3.40 (0.47) 9.18 1 61.94***
Social competencies 3.10 (0.46) 3.14 (0.45) 7.38 1 55.16***
Positive identity 2.58 (0.55) 2.59 (0.58) 33.10 1 35.54***
Competence 2.95 (0.47) 3.11 (0.44) 51.06 1 95.73***
Confidence 3.13 (0.44) 3.27 (0.38) 112.68 1 119.17***
Character 3.06 (0.47) 3.18 (0.44) 24.60 1 142.47***
Caring 3.14 (0.55) 2.88 (0.61) 108.58 1 83.12***
Connection 3.62 (0.65) 3.29 (0.66) 2.09 1 205.43***
3.84 (0.82) 3.36 (0.94)
3.74 (0.59) 3.96 (0.51) 4.98*
3.74 (0.79) 4.22 (0.67)
3.79 (0.65) 3.73 (0.64)
Notes. SS: Sum of Squares; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001
Table 5. The 5Cs by school: MANOVA.
Variable Lower Upper SS df F
secondary secondary
Support 2.16 1 7.44**
Empowerment school school 0.01 1 0.04
Boundaries and expectations M (SD) M (SD) 0.02 1 0.09
Constructive use of time 10.47 1 32.87***
Commitment to learning 3.17 (0.52) 3.10 (0.55) 1.25 1 5.82*
Positive values 3.41 (0.45) 3.41 (0.46) 0.27 1 1.56
Social competencies 3.13 (0.46) 3.12 (0.45) 0.88 1 4.17*
Positive identity 2.70 (0.57) 2.54 (0.56) 4.22 1 11.70**
Competence 3.08 (0.48) 3.03 (0.46) 9.44 1 20.86***
Confidence 3.23 (0.44) 3.20 (0.41) 1.83 1 2.17
Character 3.16 (0.47) 3.11 (0.46) 0.51 1 1.65
Caring 3.06 (0.60) 2.96 (0.60) 0.01 1 0.01
Connection 3.54 (0.71) 3.39 (0.66) 4.08 1 9.74**
3.61 (0.93) 3.55 (0.92)
3.89 (0.59) 3.86 (0.54)
4.02 (0.79) 4.01 (0.75)
3.82 (0.68) 3.72 (0.63)
Notes. SS: Sum of Squares; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001
Regarding school level, we examined the differences between lower
secondary schools and upper secondary schools. Once again, MANOVA
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Table 4. The 5Cs by gender: MANOVA
Variable Lower Upper SS df F
secondary secondary
Support 4.61 1 16.00***
Empowerment school school 0.94 1 4.56*
Boundaries and expectations M (SD) M (SD) 0.62 1 3.02
Constructive use of time 0.01 1 0.02
Commitment to learning 3.18 (0.52) 3.08 (0.55) 12.86 1
Positive values 3.44 (0.44) 3.40 (0.47) 9.18 1 61.94***
Social competencies 3.10 (0.46) 3.14 (0.45) 7.38 1 55.16***
Positive identity 2.58 (0.55) 2.59 (0.58) 33.10 1 35.54***
Competence 2.95 (0.47) 3.11 (0.44) 51.06 1 95.73***
Confidence 3.13 (0.44) 3.27 (0.38) 112.68 1 119.17***
Character 3.06 (0.47) 3.18 (0.44) 24.60 1 142.47***
Caring 3.14 (0.55) 2.88 (0.61) 108.58 1 83.12***
Connection 3.62 (0.65) 3.29 (0.66) 2.09 1 205.43***
3.84 (0.82) 3.36 (0.94)
3.74 (0.59) 3.96 (0.51) 4.98*
3.74 (0.79) 4.22 (0.67)
3.79 (0.65) 3.73 (0.64)
Notes. SS: Sum of Squares; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001
Table 5. The 5Cs by school: MANOVA.
Variable Lower Upper SS df F
secondary secondary
Support 2.16 1 7.44**
Empowerment school school 0.01 1 0.04
Boundaries and expectations M (SD) M (SD) 0.02 1 0.09
Constructive use of time 10.47 1 32.87***
Commitment to learning 3.17 (0.52) 3.10 (0.55) 1.25 1 5.82*
Positive values 3.41 (0.45) 3.41 (0.46) 0.27 1 1.56
Social competencies 3.13 (0.46) 3.12 (0.45) 0.88 1 4.17*
Positive identity 2.70 (0.57) 2.54 (0.56) 4.22 1 11.70**
Competence 3.08 (0.48) 3.03 (0.46) 9.44 1 20.86***
Confidence 3.23 (0.44) 3.20 (0.41) 1.83 1 2.17
Character 3.16 (0.47) 3.11 (0.46) 0.51 1 1.65
Caring 3.06 (0.60) 2.96 (0.60) 0.01 1 0.01
Connection 3.54 (0.71) 3.39 (0.66) 4.08 1 9.74**
3.61 (0.93) 3.55 (0.92)
3.89 (0.59) 3.86 (0.54)
4.02 (0.79) 4.01 (0.75)
3.82 (0.68) 3.72 (0.63)
Notes. SS: Sum of Squares; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001
Regarding school level, we examined the differences between lower
secondary schools and upper secondary schools. Once again, MANOVA
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